Understanding the values and management needs of New Zealand surf breaks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34900/lpr.v4i2.653Keywords:
coastal policy and planning, surf breaks, integrated coastal management, participatory approaches, case studies, New ZealandAbstract
Recent developments in New Zealand coastal policy include increased recognition for surf breaks as unique environments characterised by breaking waves. The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (NZCPS) 2010 includes policies that directly apply or relate to surf breaks and these provide considerable guidance for the protection of these areas and their associated values. This includes a definition for ‘surf break’ and guidance on other spatial aspects for planning. Local authorities now require a robust framework to implement these policies alongside other NZCPS policies within an integrated approach.
An extensive body of local and indigenous knowledge of these environments exists within coastal communities, and may be accessed to assist the management approach. In this study participatory methods were utilised to investigate perspectives on surf breaks in two different regions in New Zealand. Information was sought on the values of surf breaks that are important for their effective management, and on the attributes of surf break environments that support those values. The findings demonstrate that a wide range of values are associated with surf breaks and a complex combination of bio-physical attributes is typically responsible for the values reported. These attributes often equate to the unique characteristics of an individual site, indicating that a site specific focus for management is essential. The findings also highlighted considerable variance in the perceived importance of different surf breaks for different people. Consequently, effective management of the resource is likely to require a thorough understanding and integration of both biophysical and socio-economic information at a range of scales including the level of individual sites and communities.
Downloads
References
Allen, W.J., Bosch, O.J.H. &Kilvington, M.J. (2001). ISKM (Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management): A participatory framework to help communities identify and adopt more sustainable resource management practices. In: Getting results through collaboration: networks and network structures for public policy and management. Ed. Myrna Mandell, Quorum Books.
Beckley, T.M. (1998). Moving toward consensus-based forest management: Acomparison of industrial, co-managed, community and small private forests inCanada. Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada: Atlantic Forestry Centre, NaturalResources Canada.
Board of Inquiry (2009a).Proposed New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2008.Board of Inquiry Report and Recommendations. Volume 1: Findings, Recommendations and Recommended NZCPS (2009). 55pp. Retrieved 10 May 2010 from http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/getting-involved/consultations/closed-consultations/nzcps/NZCPS-2008-board-of-inquiry-vol-1.pdf
Board of Inquiry (2009b).Proposed New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2008.Board of Inquiry Report and Recommendations. Volume 2: Working Papers. 367pp. Retrieved 15 May 2010 from http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/getting-involved/consultations/closed-consultations/nzcps/NZCPS-2008-board-of-inquiry-vol-2.pdf
Bosch, O.J.H., Allen, W.J., Williams, J.M. & Ensor, A.H. (1996).An integrated approach for maximising local and scientific knowledge for land management decision-making in the New Zealand high country.The Rangeland Journal 18(1) 23-32.
Canterbury Mayoral Forum (2009).Canterbury Water Management Strategy. Strategic Framework — November 2009. Christchurch, NZ: Canterbury Mayoral Forum. 157pp.
Chambers, R. 1997. Whose reality counts? Putting the first last.ITGD Publishing, London, UK.
Christie, P., Lowry, K., White, A.T, Oracion, E.G., Sievanen, L., Pomeroy, R.S., Pollnac, R.B, Patlis, J.M. &Eisma, R.V. (2005). Key findings from a multidisciplinary examination of integrated coastal management process sustainability. Ocean & Coastal Management 48: 468—483.
Colfer, C. J. P., Prabhu, R., McDougall, C., Porro, N, &Porro, R.(1999). Who counts most? Assessing human well-being in sustainable forest management. The Criteria & Indicators Toolbox Series, Number 8. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.
Department of Conservation (2008a).Proposed New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2008. Wellington: Department of Conservation. 35pp. Retrieved 10 May 2011 from http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/getting-involved/consultations/current-consultations/proposed-nzcps-2008-high-res.pdf
Department of Conservation (2009a).Proposed New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2008: Board of Inquiry Report and Recommendations. Volume 1: Findings, Recommendations and Recommended New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2010 from http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/getting-involved/consultations/closed-consultations/nzcps/NZCPS-2008-board-of-inquiry-vol-1.pdf
Department of Conservation (2009b).Proposed New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2008: Board of Inquiry Report and Recommendations. Volume 2: Working Papers. Retrieved October 21, 2010 from http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/getting-involved/consultations/closed-consultations/nzcps/NZCPS-2008-board-of-inquiry-vol-2.pdf
Department of Conservation (2010).New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010 from http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/conservation/marine-and-coastal/coastal-management/nz-coastal-policy-statement-2010.pdf
Durrenberger, E.P.& Kind, T. (Eds.). (2000). State and community in fisheriesmanagement: Power, policy, and practice. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
Ingles, A.W., Musch, A.& Quist-Hoffman, H. (1999).The participatory process forsupporting collaborative management of natural resources: An overview. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Ferrer, E.M., de la Cruz,, L.P. &Domingo, M.A. (eds.). (1996). Seedsof Hope: A Collection of Case Studies on Community-Based Coastal ResourcesManagement in the Philippines. College of Social Work and Community Development,University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.223 pp.
Johannes, R.E. (1998a). Government-supported, village-based management of marineresources in Vanuatu.Ocean & Coastal Management 40: 165-186.
Johannes, R.E. (1998b). The case for data-less marine resource management: Examples from tropical nearshorefisheries. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13(6):243—46.
Lynam, T., De Jong, W., Sheil, D., Kusumanto, T. &Evans, K. (2007).A review of tools for incorporating community knowledge, preferences, and values into decision making in natural resources management.Ecology and Society12(1): 5. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art5/
McGinnis, M.V. (2012) Ocean Governance: The New Zealand Dimension. A Summary Report.School of Government. Wellington: Victoria University. 58pp.
Mahanty, S. & and Stacey, N. (2004). Collaborating for Sustainability: AResource Kit for Facilitators of Participatory Natural Resource Management in thePacific.International Waters Project. Suva, Fiji: Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).
Nemarundwe, N. &Richards, M.(2002). Participatory methods for exploring livelihood values derived from forests: potential and limitations. Pages 168-197 in M. K. Luckert and B. M. Campbell, editors.Uncovering the hidden harvest; valuation methods for woodland and forest resources.People and Plants Conservation Series. London, UK: Earthscan.
New Zealand Landcare Trust (2010).The Sherry River story. Hamilton, NZ: NZ Landcare Trust. 40pp.
Olsen, S.B. & Christie, P. (2000). What are we learning from tropical coastal management experiences? Coastal Management Journal 28: 5-18.
Peryman, P. B. (2011). Identification of Surf Breaks of National Significance.Lincoln Planning Review, 3(1): 15-20. Available at http://journals.lincoln.ac.nz/index.php/LPR/article/view/607/463
Pollnac, R.B. &Pomeroy, R.S.(2005). Factors influencing the sustainability of integrated coastal management projects in the Philippines and Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management 48(3-6):233-251.
Pomeroy, R.S. & Rivera-Guieb, R. (2006).Fishery Co-Management: APractical Handbook. CAB International, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. Available at theInternational Development Research Centre (IDRC) website under publications at:http://www.idrc.ca/openebooks/184-1/
Pretty, J.N., Guijt, I., Thompson, J., &Scoones, I. (1995).Participatory Learning and Action— A Trainers Guide.IIED Participatory Methodology Series.London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
Ramirez, R.(1999). Participatory learning and communication approaches for managing pluralism: implications for sustainable forestry, agriculture and rural development. Pages 17-28 in FAO.Pluralism and sustainable forestry and rural development: proceedings of the International Workshop on Pluralism and Sustainable Forestry and Rural Development (Rome, 1997). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Rosier, J. (2004).An Independent Review of the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement. Report to the Minister of Conservation. May 2004. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Rosier, J. (2005). Towards better national policy statements: NZCPS review. Planning Quarterly, March 2005: 26-28.
Sheil, D., Liswanti, N., van Heist, M., Basuki, I., Syaefuddin, I., Samsoedin, I., Rukmiyati, S. &Agung, M. (2003). Local priorities and biodiversity in tropical forest landscapes: asking people what matters. Available online at: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/mla/_ref/publication/local_priorities.htm.
Skellern, M., Rennie, H.G., & Davis, M. (2009). Working towards the protection of surf breaks.Planning Quarterly172: 12-15.
Taiepa, T., Lyver, P., Horsley, P., Davis, J., Bragg, M. & Moller, H. (1997).Collaborative management of New Zealand’s conservation estate by Maori and Pakeha.Environmental Conservation 24(3): 236-250.
Uphoff, N.(1986). Local institutions and participation for sustainable development. Gatekeeper Series, Number 31. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
Walter-Toews, D. & Kay, J. (2005). The evolution of an ecosystem approach: the diamond schematic and an adaptive methodology for ecosystem sustainability and health. Ecology and Society 10(1): 38.
White, A., Hale, L.Z. Renard Y. &Cortesi, L. (1994).Collaborative and Community Management of Coral Reefs: Lessons from Experience. Connecticut, USA: Kumarian Press. 130pp.
Yin, R.K. (2003).Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Young, D. (2003). Monitoring the Effectiveness of the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement: Views of Local Government Staff.Wellington: Department of Conservation, Conservation Policy Division.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
